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Table 1. Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) by Age [Source: Miller (1981)]
MLU as a measure on its own is not, however, robust enough for us to unequivocally determine if the child has a delay. Information such as this must be combined with other measures in order to give a broader profile of the child’s language development. Some further measures – which are discussed on this website – are provided in Table 2 for consideration. They are, as indicated, not exhaustive but they should serve to give you an idea of how a child’s language performance can be measured against published norms.
|
age |
intelligibility |
comprehension * |
receptive vocabulary |
expressive vocabulary |
MLU |
morphological feature |
| 2;00 | 25% | 1 ICW | 300 | 50-100 | 1.0-2.0 | |
| 2;06 | 60% | 2 ICW | 50-1000 | 300 | 2.0-2.5 | present progressive -ing |
| in | ||||||
| on | ||||||
| regular plural -s | ||||||
| 3;00 | 75% | 850-1000 | 600 | 2.5-3.0 | irregular past tense | |
| possessive -'s | ||||||
| uncontractible copula | ||||||
| 3;06 | 80% | 3 ICW | 1,200-2,000 | 800-1,500 | 3.0-3.75 | articles |
| regular past tense -ed | ||||||
| regular third person -s | ||||||
| 4;00 | 90% | 4 ICW | 2,100 | 850-1,700 | 3.75-4.5 | irregular third person |
| uncontractible auxiliary | ||||||
| contractible copula | ||||||
| contractible auxiliary | ||||||
| 5;00 | 100% | complex utterances | 2,800 | 900-2,000 | 4.5+ | |
|
* |
ICW = Information Carrying Word, i.e. the minimum number of words the child needs to understand in order to comprehend an utterance. For example, if presented with two sets of objects (1) key, ball, pencil, and (2) cup, box, purse, and instructed to “Put the key in the cup” the child needs to understand the two information carrying words key and cup. If the child can carry out this command successfully, he or she would be said to have demonstrated comprehension at a Two Information Carrying Word level (2ICW). |
|||||
Table 2. Selected Language Development Milestones (2;00-5;00 years)
There is considerable variation in the ages at which children arrive at these milestones. It must always be remembered that the norms are just an average. This means, therefore, that some children will develop certain capabilities several months before their peers, and other several months afterwards. As discussed above, this does not have to imply that the child will experience any functional difficulties communicating. For example, there is controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at 5;00 years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12;00 years are still developing adult syntax (McTear, 1985; Crystal, 1989).
In addition, Table 3 shows the age ranges over which children can be expected to gain mastery of the morphological features set out in Table 1.
|
rank |
morphological feature |
example |
age of mastery* |
||
|
1 |
present progressive -ing |
daddy singing, mummy playing |
19-28 |
||
|
2 |
in |
key in cup, ball in box |
27-30 |
||
|
3 |
on |
ball on bed, cup on table |
27-33 |
||
|
4 |
regular plural -s |
two cats, three dogs |
27-33 |
||
|
5 |
irregular past tense |
mummy fell, daddy went |
25-46 |
||
|
6 |
possessive -'s |
mummy’s hat, daddy’s car |
26-40 |
||
|
7 |
uncontractible copula |
she is (response to who is happy?) |
28-46 |
||
|
8 |
articles |
mummy got a dog, the ball |
28-46 |
||
|
9 |
regular past tense -ed |
daddy walked, a car crashed |
26-48 |
||
|
10 |
regular third person -s |
mummy walks, daddy plays |
28-50 |
||
|
11 |
irregular third person |
mummy does, daddy has a ball |
28-50 |
||
|
12 |
uncontractible auxiliary |
she is (response to who is coming?) |
29-48 |
||
|
13 |
contractible copula |
he’s happy (cf. he is happy) |
29-49 |
||
|
14 |
contractible auxiliary |
mummy’s playing (cf. mummy is playing) |
30-50 |
||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
* |
Used correctly 90% of the time in obligatory contexts, i.e. in contexts in which Standard English requires the use of the morpheme (e.g. in the utterance “he is talking” it is obligatory to add an -ing suffix because it is required in the context of a progressive action). |
|||
Table 3. The Order of Acquisition of English Morphemes [Source: Brown(1973) and Miller (1981)]
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In the same way that receptive language delay can co-exist with expressive language delay, each of the following causes of delay may also co-exist, e.g. it is possible for a child to have a hearing impairment and to experience social deprivation at the same instance.
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As with all child communication difficulties one should always check the hearing: impaired hearing may interfere with language development (and speech development). There may be intermittent loss owing to glue ear (otitis media) or there may be a more persistent conductive hearing loss or sensori-neural hearing impairment.
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This is fairly common, with around 6% of children exhibiting some sort of language delay in combination with a general developmental delay (in, for example, physical growth, gross motor control, fine motor control). The majority of these resolve over time.
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We have already noted that the environment can influence biological, cognitive and behavioral development. Children require appropriate stimulation in order to maximise their development.
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Some children exhibit socially inappropriate behavior that may put themselves or others in danger and/or may limit their access to everyday community facilities, such as schools, libraries, riding the bus, and so on (Emerson, 1995). This can lead to the child being withdrawn, socially isolated and prone to mood changes. Such factors are known to correlate with language delay. The causes of challenging behavior may be medical, psychiatric and/or environmental.
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Brown, R. (1973) A First Language London: Allen & Unwin.
Crystal, D. (1989) Listen to Your Child: Parents’ Guide to Children’s Language Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Emerson E (1995) Challenging Behaviour: Analysis and Intervention in People with Learning Disabilities Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
McTear, M. (1985) Children’s Conversation Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Miller, J.F. (1981) ‘Eliciting Procedures for Language’ Miller, J.F. (ed) in Assessing Language Production in Children Edward Arnold.
Mussen, P.H., Conger, J.J., Kagan, J. and Huston, A.C. (1990) Child Development and Personality (7 edn) New York: Harper and Row.
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